PHE approaches represent a variety of efforts to bring a holistic, integrated set of activities and services to bear in communities. The term refers to a flexible set of interventions or activities that communities, partner groups or nongovernmental organizations adopt in response to unmet community needs for improved health services, livelihoods and natural resource management/coastal resource management. PHE projects strive to simultaneously improve access to health services and assist communities to manage their natural resources in ways that improve their health and livelihoods and to conserve the critical ecosystems upon which they depend. Integrated activities often lead to greater benefits than result from single sector interventions. This section focuses on various aspects of PHE approaches tested and used during the past two decades.