Often referred to as the "first generation" of PHE projects, Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs) were promoted in the late 1980s and 1990s as an emerging approach to increase community involvement in conservation. Many conservation organizations incorporated development initiatives into their work in order to meet the needs of communities immediately adjacent to parks and protected areas in developing countries such as Madagascar. While the results of these projects were mixed, many of the lessons learned that emerged informed the current generation of integrated health and conservation projects