In this world the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem services in critical to human health and welfare. The climate change wild card adds insecurity as to what biotic resources may be needed for human adaptation to food supply disruptions, ecosystem alterations, shifting disease patterns, and other health threats. This document has explored the effects of biodiversity on four major determinants of human health and well-being: ecosystem services, constraints of infectious disease, medicinal resources, and quality of life. It points out the strengths and shortcomings of integrated science and observes future research needs.