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This supplement originated from the belief that more evidence is needed to compel funders, policymakers, program planners and implementers to act on the synergies between family planning and HIV/AIDS fields and enhance the public health impact of reproductive health and HIV programs. The contents of this supplement represent research being conducted within three broad areas: behavioral research examining contraceptive practices and fertility desires of HIV-positive women and couples; biomedical research addressing the safety and effectiveness of contraceptive methods for HIV-positive women; and programmatic research evaluating service delivery approaches to integrating family planning and HIV services. Taken together, the studies published in this supplement expand the evidence base regarding how the family planning and HIV fields are related and how they can be better integrated in practice.